UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026

or

☐ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from _______ to _______

Commission File Number: 001-42570

Aeluma, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(805) 351-2707

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐    No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒   No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates was $276.2 million as of December 31, 2025, based on the closing price of such stock, as reported on the Nasdaq Stock Market.

As of September 11, 2026, there were 19,265,671 shares of the issuer’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

Portions of the definitive proxy statement for the registrant’s annual meeting of stockholders, to be filed within 120 days of June 30, 2026, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This report contains, and our officers and representatives may from time to time make, “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by words such as: “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “forecast,” “intend,” “may,” “ongoing,” “pending,” “perceive,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “views,” “will,” and similar references to future periods. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results and financial condition may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, those discussed in Part I, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” of this report and throughout Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Any forward-looking statement made by us in this report is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.

PART I

Item 1. Business.

Overview

Aeluma, Inc. (together with our subsidiary, “we,” “our,” “us,” or the “Company”) develops high-performance photonic and electronic technologies for communications and sensing in telecom, artificial intelligence (“AI”) datacom, mobile, defense and aerospace, robotics, automotive, augmented reality/virtual reality (“AR/VR”), and quantum applications. Our proprietary platform combines compound semiconductor materials with large-diameter substrates to leverage manufacturing infrastructure used in high-volume microelectronics. Our technology and product development activities have focused on photodetectors, photodetector arrays, lasers, optical amplifiers, and other technologies. Our photodetectors and photodetector arrays can detect near-infrared (“NIR”) and shortwave infrared (“SWIR”) light. Our lasers and optical amplifiers are primarily based on quantum dot technology. Aeluma’s platform may also be applied to other photonic and electronic devices, including transistors and solar cells.

Our headquarters are in Goleta, California. Our principal research and development (“R&D”) and manufacturing facility is approximately 9,000 square feet and includes a cleanroom and equipment used for epitaxy wafer production, process development, prototyping, wafer-scale testing, and validation. During fiscal year 2026, we expanded our internal test and prototyping capabilities through the acquisition of automated and semi-automated wafer probers, packaging and prototyping equipment, test and validation instruments, and related facility infrastructure. We have extended the lease for our principal facility through March 2031 to support anticipated growth, and we also lease approximately 2,400 square feet of additional office space near our headquarters. We may require additional space in the future to support continued growth.

We leverage a capital-efficient manufacturing model that combines internal materials production, process-development, prototyping, and test capabilities with external fabrication, packaging, and integration. We have relationships with production-scale foundries and other supply-chain partners, including relationships announced during fiscal year 2026 with Tower Semiconductor and Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies for wafer production and fabrication. We expect these external capabilities to be important to our ability to qualify manufacturing processes and increase production capacity if substantial customer demand develops.

We are transitioning from a predominantly R&D-stage business toward commercialization. Our revenue currently consists of government development contracts, with emerging commercial development and product revenue. We have delivered wafers, chips, and engineering samples, performed non-recurring engineering projects, and have begun accepting initial commercial sales orders. These initial commercial orders have been relatively small, and commercial customers generally require extensive evaluation and qualification before committing to production volumes.

Plan of Operations

Our operating priorities are to advance product development, complete customer and manufacturing qualifications, deliver on existing commercial and government contracts, increase manufacturing readiness, and convert qualified customer engagements into recurring product revenue. We expect to continue investing in engineering, materials growth, wafer fabrication, packaging, testing, quality systems, sales, and business development.

We intend to continue supplying engineering samples, prototype wafers and chips, small volume products, and development services while customers evaluate our technology. We plan to work directly with prospective customers and with system integrators, module manufacturers, Tier-1 suppliers, component suppliers, semiconductor companies, and government prime contractors. We also intend to continue working with external foundries, packaging providers, and integration partners to establish repeatable, qualified production flows that can support large volumes.

The timing and scale of commercialization will depend on several factors, including technical performance, reliability testing, customer qualification, product design decisions, supply chain readiness, and market demand. We may continue to derive a substantial portion of our revenue from government and customer development programs while commercial products progress through qualification.

Our Strategy

Advance a differentiated technology platform.

We will continue to develop and broaden our heterogeneous integration platform across photodetectors, imaging arrays, lasers, nonlinear photonic materials, and other technologies, with an emphasis on products for which compound semiconductor performance and microelectronics-scale manufacturing can provide meaningful customer benefits.

Focus resources on selected high-value markets.

Priority applications include AI datacom, mobile and consumer electronics, defense and aerospace, and quantum. Adjacent opportunities include robotics, automotive, and AR/VR. We select opportunities based on performance requirements, potential production volume, time to qualification, expected economics, and strategic fit with our platform.

Scale through a capital-efficient manufacturing ecosystem.

We will continue to maintain internal capabilities in materials growth, process development, prototyping, and test, while using established foundries, packaging providers, and integration companies for production-scale activities. This model is intended to reduce the capital and time required to access larger-scale manufacturing infrastructure, although it also creates dependence on third-party capacity, quality, delivery, and pricing.

Leverage funded development and strategic relationships.

We use government sponsored R&D programs, customer funded engineering programs, strategic partnerships, and initial product sales to advance technology readiness and support the transition to commercial products. Government programs can help fund development and domestic manufacturing capabilities, but program requirements may differ from commercial customer requirements.

Protect intellectual property and build organizational capability.

We seek to continuously expand our patent portfolio, protect trade secrets and process know-how, as well as recruit personnel with experience in semiconductor manufacturing, product development, supply chain management, and commercialization.

Our Technology

Our technology is based on heterogeneous integration, which combines materials with different physical properties within a single semiconductor platform. We synthesize compound semiconductor materials on large-diameter substrates, such as silicon and gallium arsenide (“GaAs”), which are compatible with manufacturing infrastructure used for mainstream microelectronics.

Compound semiconductors possess optical and electronic properties that are either superior to those of or not available from silicon. For example, indium gallium arsenide (“InGaAs”) can provide high sensitivity in the NIR and SWIR spectral regions. These characteristics may be useful for three-dimensional sensing, low-light imaging, industrial and robotic vision, defense imaging, optical communications, and other applications. Silicon image sensors generally offer low-cost and high-volume manufacturing but have declining sensitivity at longer NIR wavelengths and an absorption cutoff near 1,100 nanometers. Standard InGaAs devices commonly operate across approximately 900 to 1,700 nanometers, with extended-wavelength material systems capable of detecting longer wavelengths. Eye safety depends on wavelength, optical power, exposure duration, beam geometry, and applicable safety standards. At certain SWIR wavelengths, applicable exposure limits may permit higher optical power than at shorter NIR wavelengths because the radiation does not present the same risk of damage to the retina. Higher illumination levels can improve signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio, potentially increasing range, depth accuracy, and performance under bright ambient light or allowing shorter exposure times that reduce motion artifacts. These characteristics may benefit applications such as facial authentication and other three-dimensional sensing systems.

InGaAs and similar materials are also commonly used for high-speed photodetection at wavelengths commonly used for optical communications. Photodetectors derived from these materials enable high-speed communications for telecommunications and AI data center networking. Aeluma’s platform may enable larger volume production and wafer-scale integration of such photodetectors.

We are also developing quantum dot laser technology for optical communications and sensing applications. Silicon is well-suited for passive photonic circuits but does not efficiently generate light. Integrating compound semiconductor lasers with silicon can provide an on-chip or closely integrated optical source while retaining the scale and integration benefits of silicon manufacturing. Quantum dot lasers are being evaluated in the industry for potential advantages that include high power handling, reliability, and low noise, which may be relevant to data center interconnects, co-packaged optics, sensing, and quantum applications.

In addition, we are developing a nonlinear photonics platform for the generation and manipulation of photons used in quantum communication, computing, and sensing. Our development work includes integration of compound semiconductor materials with silicon and silicon nitride photonic circuits. Competing nonlinear photonic material systems include lithium niobate, aluminum nitride, barium titanate, and other emerging materials.

Our technology platform includes materials structures, epitaxial processes, device designs, wafer fabrication methods, integration techniques, packaging concepts, and system-level applications. Although our current commercial focus is on photonic sensing and communications products, the platform may support a broader range of photonic and electronic semiconductor devices.

Competition

We compete in rapidly evolving semiconductor, sensor, and photonics markets. Competition occurs at the device, materials, manufacturing platform, and system levels, and competitiveness is based on performance, reliability, power consumption, size, integration, manufacturability, cost, production capacity, supply assurance, intellectual property, customer relationships, and time to market.

In imaging and sensing, silicon complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (“CMOS”) image sensors are widely used in high-volume consumer and automotive applications due to their low cost, mature manufacturing ecosystem, and high level of integration. Major suppliers include Sony, Samsung, OmniVision, onsemi, STMicroelectronics, Panasonic, Canon, SK hynix, and others. Traditional InGaAs sensor suppliers include Hamamatsu, Sumitomo, Teledyne FLIR, Excelitas, and others. Conventional InGaAs photodetectors are generally manufactured on relatively small InP substrates, commonly in the two- to four-inch range. Our objective is to compete by enabling compound semiconductor performance at potentially substantially lower cost by using large-diameter substrates and large-scale manufacturing methods, which may enable more devices per wafer, larger array formats, and access to wafer-scale integration and packaging infrastructure.

In lasers and optical communications, we compete with established suppliers of InP, GaAs, and other compound semiconductor lasers, vertically integrated optical component manufacturers, silicon photonics companies, and emerging providers of integrated light sources. In quantum photonics, our technologies may compete with solutions based on lithium niobate, aluminum nitride, barium titanate, silicon, silicon nitride, and other materials, as well as with alternative system architectures.

We believe our potential competitive advantages include the ability to integrate high-performance compound semiconductor materials on large-diameter substrates; a platform that can address photodetectors, lasers, and nonlinear photonics; domestic research, development, and wafer-production capabilities; and a capital-efficient manufacturing model that can use established foundries and packaging infrastructure. These potential advantages have not yet been demonstrated in large-volume commercial production. Existing and potential competitors may have greater name recognition, longer operating histories, broader product portfolios, larger customer bases, substantially greater financial, technical, and manufacturing resources, more mature quality systems, and stronger relationships with customers and supply chain partners. Competitors may also develop alternative technologies that achieve comparable or superior performance or cost.

Customers

Our customers and prospective customers include U.S. Government agencies and contractors, semiconductor and optical component companies, system integrators, module manufacturers, Tier-1 suppliers, and manufacturers of mobile and consumer electronics, data center and communications equipment, defense and aerospace systems, and quantum technologies. Our engagements include government R&D contracts, customer-funded non-recurring engineering, wafer development, delivery of engineering samples, small-volume chips and wafer sales, and technical evaluations.

During fiscal year 2026, we experienced increased customer and partner engagement across AI data center communications, mobile and consumer electronics, defense and aerospace, and quantum applications. We began receiving requests for price quotations and accepting initial commercial sales orders. These orders have been relatively small and may not lead to production orders. Prospective customers typically conduct extensive technical, reliability, manufacturing, and supply chain evaluations before selecting a new semiconductor component, manufacturing platform, or supplier.

Our commercial strategy includes direct sales relationships and strategic partnerships. We may engage with customers directly or through manufacturing, packaging, module, system integration, or government prime contractor partners. Many of our customer and partner discussions are subject to confidentiality agreements, which can limit the information we publicly disclose regarding specific programs and counterparties.

For the customer concentration disclosure, see Concentration of Risk in Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Markets

Our technology addresses markets in which system performance increasingly depends on the ability to generate, detect, transmit, or process light using compact, energy-efficient, and manufacturable semiconductor components. Industry demand is being influenced by growth in AI computing and data center bandwidth, increasing use of optical interconnects, the need for improved sensing in consumer and industrial systems, defense demand for advanced domestic semiconductor technologies, and continued investment in quantum technologies.

AI infrastructure and optical communications

AI clusters require increasingly high data transfer rates among processors, memory, and network equipment. This increases demand for optical transceivers, silicon photonics, lasers, and high-speed photodetectors and is driving interest in co-packaged optics and other architectures intended to reduce power consumption and improve bandwidth density. Our photodetector and quantum dot laser platforms are being developed for potential use in these applications.

Mobile, consumer, AR/VR, robotics, and automotive sensing

Mobile devices and other consumer products increasingly incorporate depth sensing, biometric authentication, low-light imaging, spatial mapping, and other optical functions. Related sensing capabilities are also being developed for AR/VR systems, industrial automation, robotics, and automotive applications. Our photodetector platform is intended to address applications that require performance beyond conventional silicon sensors while maintaining a path toward large-volume manufacturing.

Defense and aerospace

Defense and aerospace systems use high-performance photodetectors, imaging arrays, lasers, and optical communications for surveillance, navigation, targeting, electronic warfare, autonomous systems, and secure communications. These applications often require high-sensitivity, high-speed, low-size, low-weight, and low-power operation in demanding environments and a secure domestic supply chain. Our government-funded programs include development of SWIR imaging, high-speed photodetectors, heterogeneous integration, and quantum photonic technologies.

Quantum technologies

Quantum communication, computing, and sensing systems require high-quality photon sources, photodetectors, and nonlinear optical materials. The industry is working to transition these technologies from laboratory systems to manufacturable photonic integrated circuits. Our quantum dot laser, nonlinear materials, and photodetector platforms are intended to support this transition using large-diameter substrates and established photonic integration methods.

The timing, size, and growth of these markets are uncertain, and broad market forecasts may not be representative of the portion that is addressable by our products. We prioritize specific product opportunities based on identifiable customer requirements, expected qualification timelines, potential production volume, competitive differentiation, and the resources required to reach commercial readiness.

Intellectual Property

Our intellectual property portfolio includes issued patents, pending patent applications, trade secrets, manufacturing know-how, process recipes, device designs, integration methods, and other proprietary information. Our portfolio includes approximately 36 issued and pending patents. Our patents and applications cover areas that include heterogeneous integration of compound semiconductor materials on large-diameter substrates, scalable manufacturing processes, photodetectors and imaging arrays, photonic components, three-dimensional sensing, large-format imaging, quantum dot lasers, high-performance semiconductor electronic device platforms, and system integration.

We have filed trademark applications for the name “Aeluma” and the slogan “Sensing Reimagined.” We also rely on confidentiality agreements, invention-assignment agreements, access controls, and other measures to protect trade secrets and proprietary information. Important aspects of our device designs and manufacturing processes may be protected as trade secrets rather than disclosed in patent applications.

Our Intellectual Property Strategy

Our strategy is to seek patent protection in the United States and selected foreign jurisdictions that represent significant semiconductor markets, manufacturing locations, or customer bases. We evaluate whether to seek patent protection or maintain an invention, process, or item of know-how as a trade secret based on factors that include the ability to detect infringement, the likelihood that a patent could be designed around, the expected commercial life of the technology, and the value of keeping the information confidential.

Governmental & Environmental Regulations

Our primary products are anticipated to be photonics and electronics based on high-performance semiconductors. To the extent that our products are or become subject to U.S. export controls and regulations, these regulations may limit the export of our products and technology and provision of our services outside of the United States, or may require export authorizations, including by license, a license exception, or other appropriate government authorizations and conditions, including annual or semi-annual reporting. Export control and economic sanctions laws may also include prohibitions on the sale or supply of certain of our products to embargoed or sanctioned countries, regions, governments, persons, and entities. In addition, various countries regulate the importation of certain products through import permitting and licensing requirements and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our products. The exportation, re-exportation, and importation of our products and technology and the provision of services, including by our partners, must comply with these laws or else we may be adversely affected through reputational harm, government investigations, penalties, and a denial or curtailment of our ability to export our products and technology. Complying with export control and sanctions laws may be time-consuming and may result in a delay or loss of sales opportunities. Although we take precautions to prevent our products and technology from being provided in violation of such laws, our products and technology may have previously been, and could in the future be, provided inadvertently in violation of such laws, despite the precautions we take. If we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export control laws, it could result in substantial fines and penalties for us and for the individuals working for us. Export or import laws or sanctions policies are subject to rapid change and have been the subject of recent U.S. and non-U.S. government actions. Changes in export or import laws or sanctions policies may adversely impact our operations, delay the introduction and sale of our products in international markets, or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our products and technology to certain countries, regions, governments, persons, or entities altogether, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and operating results.

We seek to comply with all applicable statutory and administrative requirements concerning environmental quality. Expenditures for compliance with federal, state, and local environmental laws have not had, and are not expected to have, a material effect on our capital expenditures, results of operations, or competitive position.

In addition, to the extent that our facilities and operations are or become subject to the plant and laboratory safety requirements of various environmental and occupational safety and health laws in the U.S., we believe we are in compliance with all such laws and regulations, and to date, those regulations have not materially restricted or impeded operations. Further, we believe our processes to be highly efficient, generating very low levels of waste and emissions. For this reason, we do not view issues surrounding climate change and any currently foreseeable related regulations as materially impacting our business and financial statements, beyond any inestimable impact on the macroeconomic environment.

We are also generally subject to other industry and environmental regulations for electronic and semiconductor products such as the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive 2002/95/EC.

Manufacturing

Our internal operations include semiconductor materials and wafer production, process development, quick-turn chip fabrication, prototyping, wafer-level and device-level testing and validation. Our equipment includes materials synthesis and semiconductor fabrication tools, automated and semi-automated wafer probers, packaging and prototyping equipment, and test and validation instruments. These capabilities allow us to develop process flows, produce engineering samples, evaluate externally fabricated wafers, and support customer and manufacturing qualification activities.

We also use external foundries, wafer suppliers, packaging companies, test providers, and integration partners. During fiscal year 2026, we expanded outsourced wafer fabrication activities and announced relationships with Tower Semiconductor and Sumitomo Chemical Advanced Technologies for wafer production and fabrication. Our manufacturing strategy is to retain control of core materials, processes, and product know-how while using qualified third parties for production-scale processes and capacity.

This manufacturing model may allow us to scale more efficiently than constructing and operating a fully integrated production facility. However, we depend on third parties for portions of our manufacturing flow, and we may encounter capacity constraints, long lead times, process-transfer challenges, yield variability, quality issues, cost increases, equipment limitations, or disruptions. We will need to establish repeatable processes, quality systems, supplier controls, and customer-approved production flows before supporting material commercial volumes.

Sales

Our revenue currently consists primarily of government development contracts and limited commercial product sales. We have sold small volumes of wafers and chips, delivered engineering samples, performed non-recurring engineering and R&D services, and have begun taking initial commercial sales orders. Our commercial products are in early stages of customer evaluation and qualification, and we cannot predict whether current engagements or orders will result in recurring or high-volume sales.

The sales cycle for semiconductor components can be lengthy and may include technical evaluation, prototype delivery, reliability testing, manufacturing qualification, system design in, and end customer approval. A design win may not result in material revenue, and production volumes can be affected by changes in customer products, forecasts, market demand, competing technologies, and supply chain conditions.

Marketing

Our marketing and business development activities focus on direct engagement with prospective customers, strategic partners, government agencies, and participants in the semiconductor and photonics ecosystem. We work with potential customers to identify performance requirements, provide technical information and samples, support evaluations, and develop product and manufacturing roadmaps. We are subject to confidentiality obligations with many current and prospective customers and partners.

We also market our technology and products through our website, technical publications, industry conferences, trade shows, investor and customer meetings, and participation in government and industry consortia. During fiscal year 2026, we joined the Midwest Microelectronics Consortium, a Microelectronics Commons hub focused on transitioning critical technologies to domestic manufacturing, and we continued participating in technical and industry events focused on optical communications, defense and aerospace, compound semiconductors, and quantum photonics.

Employees & Human Capital

At June 30, 2026, Aeluma had 27 employees, of whom 24 were full-time employees. All employees reside in the United States of America. On occasion, we engage independent contractors to support our efforts. None of our employees or contractors is subject to a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced any work stoppages, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good. Our human capital management objectives are to acquire, engage, develop, and retain top talent. We believe that our compensation and benefit programs are appropriately designed to attract and retain qualified talent. To create and maintain a successful work environment, we offer an annual base salary and a comprehensive package of additional benefits that support the overall well-being of all our employees and their families. Additionally, we may also grant equity awards to attract, reward, and retain key employees to allow them to share in our overall performance.

Corporate Information

Aeluma was incorporated in Delaware on August 21, 2020, under the name Parc Investments, Inc.; the name was changed to Aeluma, Inc. in June 2021. Our principal executive offices are located at 27 Castilian Drive, Goleta, California 93117. Our website is located at www.aeluma.com and we make available, free of charge, on or through our website all of our periodic reports, including our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, and current reports on Form 8-K, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file such reports with the SEC. Our website and the information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference and is not a part of this Annual Report.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Below are material factors known to us that could materially adversely affect our business, operating results, financial condition, prospects or share price. These risks are not the only risks we face, and there may be other risks, including risks not known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial, that could materially and adversely affect our business and financial performance. Although these risks are organized by headings, and each risk is discussed separately, many are interrelated.

Risk Factor Summary

This summary of risk factors is not complete and should be read in conjunction with the more complete and detailed descriptions of risks that follow.

Risks Relating to Our Business, Growth Prospects and Operating Results

We have a limited operating history and remain in the early development stages. Although we have generated some revenue, we are not in volume production for any of our product offerings. Our lack of operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our business and prospects, and may increase the risks associated with an investment in our Common Stock.

We commenced operations in 2019. Although we have generated some revenue, we are subject to the risks involved with any speculative early-stage enterprise. There is no assurance that we will successfully develop, manufacture, market and distribute our products or services. We have and may continue to experience continuing net losses and negative cash flows from operations. The extent of continuing losses and negative cash flows from operations and the time required to reach profitability are highly uncertain. There is no assurance that we will be able to achieve profitability or that profitability, if achieved, can be sustained on an ongoing basis. There is no assurance that actual cash requirements will not exceed our estimates. Such risks to us include, but are not limited to:

In order to address these risks, we must, among other things:

We cannot make an assurance that it will succeed in addressing these risks.

We have entered into a letter of intent with the U.S. Department of Commerce for proposed funding under the CHIPS and Science Act, which remains subject to execution of definitive award documents and may result in substantial restrictions on our business and operations.

We cannot be certain whether we and the U.S. Department of Commerce will establish an execute definitive award documents for the proposed funding on acceptable terms, or at all. Even then, the award will be tied to eligible project costs, and a portion of the award is expected to be funded on a milestone-based award structure tied to technical progress, resulting in uncertainty as to whether, when, and in what amounts we may receive or retain any portion of the proposed funding.

The perceived and actual dilutive effective of the proposed issuance of common stock to the U.S. Department of Commerce pursuant to the award could adversely affect market perception or the price of our common stock. Reputational, regulatory, or governance considerations that may accompany a government investment in our Company could impose substantial restrictions on our business and operations and could also adversely affect future opportunities.

It is also possible that the anticipated benefits of the proposed funding, including acceleration of commercialization and scaling of our non-InP photonics platform, may not be realized on the timeline anticipated or at all. Further, changes in U.S. government policy, funding priorities, or budgetary constraints could affect the availability or continuation of CHIPS and Science Act programs, both before and after definitive award documents have been established.

Our failure to raise additional capital or generate cash flows necessary to expand our operations and invest in new enterprises in the future could reduce our ability to compete successfully and harm our results of operations.

Historically, we have funded our operations and capital expenditures primarily through equity issuances and cash generated from our operations. Although we currently anticipate that our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet our cash needs for the foreseeable future, our business may not always generate sufficient cash flow from operations to fund our activities and we may require additional financing, which we may not be able to obtain on favorable terms. If we raise equity financing to fund operations or on an opportunistic basis, our stockholders may experience significant dilution of their ownership interests. If we engage in debt financing, we may be required to accept terms that restrict our ability to incur additional indebtedness, force us to maintain specified liquidity or other ratios or restrict our ability to pay dividends or make acquisitions. Additionally, if we need such financing and it is not available to us, or is not available to us on satisfactory terms, our ability to operate and expand our business or to respond to competitive pressures would be limited, and we could be required to delay, significantly curtail, or eliminate planned operations or other elements of our growth strategy. Although we have a shelf registration statement on file and an at-the-market offering in place, there is no guarantee that we will sell any additional shares, that market conditions will be favorable for such sales, or that proceeds of any offering will be sufficient to fund our capital requirements.

We may not be able to successfully implement our growth strategy on a timely basis or at all. Our future growth, profitability and cash flows depend upon our ability to successfully implement our growth strategy, which, in turn, is dependent upon a number of factors, including our ability to:

There can be no assurance that we can successfully achieve any or all of the above initiatives in the manner or time period that we expect. Further, achieving these objectives will require investments that may result in short-term costs without generating any current revenue and therefore may be dilutive to our earnings. We cannot provide any assurance that we will realize, in full or in part, the anticipated benefits we expect our strategy will achieve. The failure to realize those benefits could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The timelines of adoption for our technologies might be longer than we anticipate.

As a semiconductor company, we develop technologies and components that our customers incorporate into their end-products and systems, which may require development effort that may involve development risk for our customers; these products would then be subject to market adoption and selling lead-times. In some cases, there may be one or more additional intermediate participants in the supply chain. Collectively, the sequential nature of development and adoption of our products may take longer than expected and could potentially delay revenue growth and adversely impact our business.

Market opportunity estimates and forecasts regarding our target markets may prove inaccurate and should not be viewed as indicative of our future revenue or growth.

We rely on third-party market research and internal assumptions to evaluate opportunities in mobile and consumer electronics, automotive lidar, AI, silicon photonics, quantum computing, and other markets. These estimates are inherently uncertain and may prove inaccurate. Even if these markets grow as expected, we may not develop products that address them, win customers in those markets, or achieve meaningful revenue, and investors should not rely on market-size estimates or addressable-market estimates as an indication of our future revenue or growth.

Changes to federal regulatory agencies and policies, including the Department of Commerce, could adversely affect our business operations and financial outlook.

On January 20, 2025, President Donald J. Trump issued Executive Order No. 14158 entitled “Establishing and Implementing the President’s “Department of Government Efficiency” or “DOGE”, which is tasked with making changes to eliminate regulations, cut expenditures, and restructure federal agencies, some of which could impact public companies and companies in our industry. Through DOGE or similar recently issued Executive Orders and initiatives, it is possible the Trump administration could institute significant changes to certain regulatory agencies. These changes could result in a significant reduction in staff and/or federal funding, which may cause backlogs or other interruptions to regulatory reviews and approvals causing a delay to our operations and/or special projects. As such, these changes to regulatory agencies could negatively impact our business operations and financial outlook.

The Department of Commerce is particularly relevant to our industry because it administers programs and policies affecting the semiconductor industry, including the CHIPS Program. Changes in the administration, funding, eligibility requirements, implementation, or priorities of these programs, as well as changes to other Commerce Department policies, including those relating to semiconductor trade and export controls, could affect our access to government programs, incentives, approvals, or other resources and could increase regulatory uncertainty or compliance costs. Any such changes, delays, or disruptions could adversely affect our ability to execute our business plans and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Compliance with federal securities laws, rules, and regulations, as well as Nasdaq requirements, has become increasingly complex, and the significant attention and expense we must devote to those areas may have an adverse impact on our business.

Federal securities laws, rules, and regulations, as well as Nasdaq rules and regulations, require companies to maintain extensive corporate governance measures, impose comprehensive reporting and disclosure requirements, set strict independence and financial expertise standards for audit and other committee members, and impose civil and criminal penalties for companies and their chief executive officers, chief financial officers, and directors for securities law violations. These laws, rules and regulations have increased, and in the future are expected to continue to increase, the scope, complexity, and cost of our corporate governance, reporting and disclosure practices, which could harm our results of operations and divert management’s attention from business operations.

We generate a substantial portion of our revenue from contracts with U.S. federal government agencies, which are subject to a number of challenges and risks that may adversely impact our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results.

Contracts with U.S. federal governmental agencies, or prime contractors of these agencies, have in the past accounted for, and may in the future account for, a substantial portion of our revenue. Contracts with government entities or prime contractors are subject to the following risks:

If we were suspended or debarred from contracting with the U.S. government, if our reputation or relationship with government agencies was impaired, or if the government otherwise ceased doing business with us or significantly decreased the amount of business it does with us, our business, prospects, financial condition, and operating results would be materially and adversely affected.

We rely on our management team and other key employees and will need additional personnel to grow our business. The loss of one or more key employees or our inability to attract and retain qualified personnel could harm our business.

Our future success is substantially dependent on our ability to attract, retain, and motivate the members of our management team and other key employees throughout our organization, including in technical, engineering, sales, and operational roles. The loss of one or more members of our management team or other key employees could materially impact our sales or our R&D programs and materially harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. We do not maintain key person life insurance policies on any of our management team members or key employees. Competition for highly skilled personnel in the semiconductor and photonics industries is intense, particularly for candidates with expertise in compound semiconductors, heterogeneous integration, and related technologies. We may not be successful in attracting or retaining qualified personnel to fulfill our current or future needs. For positions in our offices near Santa Barbara in particular, we may experience challenges hiring new and mid-level employees, in part due to the high local housing costs and cost of living. Our competitors may be successful in recruiting and hiring members of our management team or other key employees, and it may be difficult for us to find suitable replacements on a timely basis, on competitive terms, or at all.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies are based on assumptions that change or prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could fall below the expectations of investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our financial statements include those related to assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of investors, resulting in a decline in the market price of our common stock.

Changes in accounting rules and regulations, or interpretations thereof, could result in unfavorable accounting charges or require us to change our compensation policies.

Accounting methods and policies for companies such as ours, including policies governing revenue recognition, leases, R&D and related expenses, and accounting for stock-based compensation, are subject to review, interpretation and guidance from our auditors and relevant accounting authorities, including the SEC. Changes to accounting methods or policies, or interpretations thereof, may require us to reclassify, restate or otherwise change or revise our historical financial statements, including those contained in this report.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

We do not expect to become profitable in the near future and may never achieve profitability. To the extent that we continue to generate taxable losses, unused losses will carry forward to offset future taxable income, if any, until such unused losses expire. Under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, if a corporation undergoes an “ownership change,” generally defined as a greater than 50% change (by value) in its equity ownership over a three-year period, the corporation’s ability to use its pre-change net operating loss carryforwards (“NOLs”), and other pre-change tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset its post-change income or taxes may be limited. The merger, our prior equity offerings and other changes in our stock ownership may have resulted in ownership changes. In addition, we may experience ownership changes in the future as a result of subsequent shifts in our stock ownership, some of which are outside of our control. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us. In addition, at the state level, there may be periods during which the use of NOLs is suspended or otherwise limited, which could accelerate or permanently increase state taxes owed.

We expect to depend on a limited number of customers and the loss of one or more of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Currently, Aeluma has customer engagements that involve R&D, development of wafers, delivery of engineering samples for evaluation, delivery of small volumes of chips, and R&D contracts. There is no assurance that any of these potential customers will purchase our product after they complete their analysis, or that any customer engagement, engineering sample, evaluation, NRE effort, or development project will result in a design win, binding purchase order, volume production, or recurring revenue. Since we cannot predict how many of these evaluations will turn into sales, if any, we cannot guarantee that we will generate sufficient revenue to be profitable.

In addition, we cannot assure that any of our future customers will not cease purchasing products from us in favor of products produced by other suppliers, significantly reduce orders, or seek price reductions in the future, and any such event could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, profitability, and results of operations.

Furthermore, if a significant portion of our revenue is derived from customers in certain industries, a downturn or lower sales to customers in such industries could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. If we cannot successfully market our products, we will not receive revenue.

Due to the concentration and ongoing consolidation within the semiconductor industry, we may also find that over the longer term, our revenues are dependent on relatively few customers. If we lose any of these customers, or these customers delay, dispute or fail to pay us or experience budgetary, liquidity, administrative or other constraints that impair our ability to collect accounts receivable, our revenues and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

Customer concentration could potentially result in volatility of revenues and stock prices.

While we are targeting a broad and diverse customer base of both private and public customers as well as U.S. government agencies across multiple high-volume mass market opportunities, our initial phases of volume production may be limited in diversity of customers. As a result, revenues during these phases may be volatile. Such revenue volatility may potentially result in higher-than-average volatility in the price of our Common Stock.

Some of our business may be dependent on a royalty-based business model, which is inherently risky.

The long-term success of our business model may be dependent on future royalties paid to us by licensee-customers. We will depend on our ability to structure, negotiate and enforce agreements for the determination and payment of royalties, as well as upon our licensees’ compliance with their agreements. We face risks inherent in a royalty-based model, many of which are outside our control, such as the following:

Uncertainties regarding the timing and amount of customer orders could lead to excess inventory and write-downs of inventory that could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We expect that our sales will be typically made pursuant to individual purchase orders or customer agreements, and we do not expect to have long-term supply arrangements with our customers requiring a commitment to purchase. We expect that the agreements with our customers may allow them to cancel orders prior to shipment for standard products and, generally, prior to start of production for custom products without incurring a penalty. We anticipate routinely generating inventory based on customers’ estimates of end-user demand for their products, which is difficult to predict. In times of undersupply for certain products, some customers could respond by inflating their demand signals. As markets level off and supply capacity begins to match actual market demands, we could experience an increased risk of inventory write-downs, which may materially adversely affect our results of operations and our financial condition. In addition, our customers may change their inventory practices on short notice for any reason. Furthermore, short customer lead times are standard in the industry due to overcapacity. The cancellation or deferral of product orders, the return of previously sold products, or overproduction of products due to the failure of anticipated orders to materialize could result in excess obsolete inventory, which could result in write-downs of inventory or the incurrence of significant cancellation penalties under our arrangements with our raw materials and equipment suppliers. Unsold inventory, canceled orders, and cancellation penalties may materially adversely affect our results of operations, and inventory write-downs, which may materially adversely affect our financial condition.

Our customers may require our products to undergo a lengthy and expensive qualification process without any assurance of product sales.

Prior to purchasing our products, our customers may require that our products undergo an extensive qualification process, which involves testing of the products in the customer’s system, as well as rigorous reliability testing. This qualification process may continue for a few months or longer, may require us to provide wafers, chips, engineering samples, NRE services, or other support, and we cannot guarantee that products will pass the required tests. Customer selection or a “design win,” if any, does not obligate a customer to place purchase orders or to proceed to volume production. However, qualification of a product by a customer does not ensure any sales of the product to that customer. Even after successful qualification and sales of a product to a customer, a subsequent revision to the product or software, changes in the product’s manufacturing process or the selection of a new supplier by us may require a new qualification process, which may result in delays and in us holding excess or obsolete inventory. After our products are qualified, additional time may be required before the customer commences volume production of components or devices that incorporate our products. Despite these uncertainties, we will devote substantial resources, including design, engineering, sales, marketing and management efforts, toward qualifying our products with customers in anticipation of sales. If we are unsuccessful or delayed in qualifying any of our products with a customer, such failure or delay would preclude or delay sales of such product to the customer, which may impede our growth and cause our business to suffer.

Our business operations could suffer in the event of information technology systems’ failures or security breaches. 

While we believe that we have implemented adequate security measures within our internal information technology and networking systems, our information technology systems may be subject to security breaches, damages from computer viruses, ransomware, phishing attacks, natural disasters, terrorism, power outages, and telecommunication failures. The semiconductor industry has been, and may continue to be, the target of cyber attacks, including those aimed at obtaining intellectual property, disrupting manufacturing processes, or compromising confidential business information. Any system failure or security breach could cause interruptions in our operations in addition to the possibility of losing proprietary information, trade secrets, or sensitive customer and partner data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in inappropriate disclosure of our confidential information, our competitive position may be adversely affected, and we may incur liability, regulatory penalties, or additional costs to remedy the damages caused by these disruptions or security breaches. We may also be required to expend significant resources to protect against, respond to, and recover from any such attacks or disruptions.

If we fail to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights and our confidential information, our business will suffer.

We conduct certain R&D activities and production of our products at external partner facilities, which has the potential to expose third parties to elements of our intellectual property. We rely primarily on a combination of nondisclosure agreements and other contractual provisions and patent, trade secret and copyright laws to protect our technology and intellectual property. If we fail to protect our technology and intellectual property, our customers, licensees, and others may seek to use our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties, which could weaken our competitive position, reduce our operating results and increase the likelihood of costly litigation. The growth of our business depends in large part on our ability to secure intellectual property rights in a timely manner, our ability to convince third parties of the applicability of our intellectual property rights, and our ability to enforce our intellectual property rights. In certain instances, we attempt to obtain patent protection for portions of our technology, and our agreements may include both issued patents and pending patent applications. If we fail to obtain patents in a timely manner or if the patents issued to us do not cover all of the inventions disclosed in our patent applications, others could use portions of our technology and intellectual property without the payment of license fees and royalties.

We also rely on trade secret laws rather than patent laws to protect other portions of our proprietary technology. However, trade secrets can be difficult to protect. The misappropriation of our trade secrets or other proprietary information could seriously harm our business. We protect our proprietary technology and processes, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, suppliers and customers. We cannot be certain that these contracts have not been and will not be breached, that we will be able to timely detect unauthorized use or transfer of our technology and intellectual property, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach, or that our trade secrets will not otherwise become known or be independently discovered by competitors. If we fail to use these mechanisms to protect our technology and intellectual property, or if a court fails to enforce our intellectual property rights, our business will suffer. We cannot be certain that these protection mechanisms can be successfully asserted in the future or will not be invalidated or challenged.

Further, the laws and enforcement regimes of certain countries do not protect our technology and intellectual property to the same extent as do the laws and enforcement regimes of the U.S. In certain jurisdictions, we may be unable to protect our technology and intellectual property adequately against unauthorized use, which could adversely affect our business.

A court invalidation or limitation of our key patents could significantly harm our business.

Our patent portfolio contains some patents that are particularly significant to our technology and other business prospects. If any of these key patents are invalidated, or if a court limits the scope of the claims in any of these key patents, the likelihood that companies will take licenses could be significantly reduced. The resulting loss in license fees and royalties could significantly harm our business. Moreover, our stock price may fluctuate based on developments in the course of ongoing litigation.

We may be involved in material legal proceedings in the future to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, which could harm our business.

From time to time, we may identify products that we believe infringe our patents. In that event, we may initially seek to license the manufacturer of the infringing products; however, if the manufacturer is unwilling to enter into a license agreement, we may have to initiate litigation to enforce our patent rights against those products. Litigation stemming from disputes could harm our ability to gain new customers, who may postpone commitments to us pending the outcome of the litigation or who may, as a result of such litigation, choose not to procure or adopt our technologies. Such litigation may also harm our relationships with existing customers, who may, as a result of such litigation, cease making payments to us or challenge the validity and enforceability of our patents or the scope of our agreements.

In addition, the costs associated with legal proceedings are typically high, relatively unpredictable, and not completely within our control. These costs may be materially higher than expected, which could adversely affect our operating results and lead to volatility in the price of our common stock. Whether or not determined in our favor or ultimately settled, litigation diverts our managerial, technical, legal, and financial resources from our business operations. Furthermore, an adverse decision in any of these legal actions could result in a loss of our proprietary rights, subject us to significant liabilities, require us to seek licenses from others, limit the value of our technology or otherwise negatively impact our stock price or our business and consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Even if we prevail in our legal actions, significant contingencies may exist to their settlement and final resolution, including the scope of the liability of each party, our ability to enforce judgments against the parties, the ability and willingness of the parties to make any payments owed or agreed upon and the dismissal of the legal action by the relevant court, none of which are completely within our control. Parties that may be obligated to pay us royalties could be insolvent or decide to alter their business activities or corporate structure, which could affect our ability to collect royalties from such parties.

Our technologies may infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, which could lead to costly disputes or disruptions.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by frequent allegations of intellectual property infringement. Any allegation of infringement could be time- consuming and expensive to defend or resolve, result in substantial diversion of management resources, cause suspension of operations or force us to enter into royalty, license, or other agreements rather than dispute the merits of such allegation. Furthermore, third parties making such claims may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief that could block our ability to further develop or commercialize some or all of our technologies, and the ability of our customers to develop or commercialize their products incorporating our technologies, in the U.S. and abroad. If patent holders or other holders of intellectual property initiate legal proceedings, we may be forced into protracted and costly litigation. We may not be successful in defending such litigation and may not be able to procure any required royalty or license agreements on acceptable terms or at all.

If we cannot effectively manage growth by implementing and improving its operational and financial systems, our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

In order to maximize the potential growth in our market opportunities, we may have to expand rapidly and significantly. The impetus for expansion could place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources. In order to manage growth, we will be required to implement and continually improve our operational and financial systems, expand operations, attract and retain superior management and train, manage and expand our employee base. We can give no assurance that we will effectively manage our operations, that our system, procedures, or controls will adequately support operations or that our management will successfully implement our business plan. If we cannot effectively manage growth, our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If our estimates related to expenditures are inaccurate, our business may fail.

Our success is dependent in part upon the accuracy of our management’s estimates of expenditures for the next twelve months and beyond. If such estimates are inaccurate, or we encounter unforeseen expenses and delays, we may not be able to carry out our business plan, which could result in the failure of our business.

Product liability lawsuits, warranty claims, and product recalls could result in substantial liabilities and harm our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

We face a potential risk of product liability as a result of any of the products that we develop, manufacture and/or offer for sale. For example, we may be sued if any product we develop, manufacture and/or sell allegedly causes injury or is found to be otherwise unsuitable during product testing, manufacturing, marketing, or sale. Any such product liability claims may include allegations of defects in manufacturing, defects in design, a failure to warn of dangers inherent in the product, negligence, strict liability, and a breach of warranties. Claims could also be asserted under state consumer protection acts. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against product liability claims, we may incur substantial liabilities. Even a successful defense would require significant financial and management resources. Regardless of the merits or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

We currently do not maintain any product liability insurance. We may obtain insurance when we commence commercial operations. However, there is no guarantee that we will be able to obtain product liability insurance or that such insurance will be affordable or sufficient. If we are unable to obtain or retain sufficient product liability insurance coverage, it could prevent or inhibit the commercialization of products we develop. Even if we obtain product liability insurance in the future, we may have to pay amounts awarded by a court or negotiated in a settlement that exceed our coverage limitations or that are not covered by our insurance, and we may not have, or be able to obtain, sufficient capital to pay such amounts.

Manufacturing semiconductors is a highly complex and precise process, requiring production in a tightly controlled, clean environment. Minute impurities in our manufacturing materials, contaminants in the manufacturing environment, manufacturing equipment failures, and other defects can cause our products to be non-compliant with customer requirements or otherwise nonfunctional, exposing us to warranty and product liability claims in the event that our products fail to perform as expected or are alleged to result in bodily injury or property damage. In addition, if any of our designed products are or are alleged to be defective, we may be required to participate in their recall. A successful warranty or product liability claim against us in excess of our available insurance coverage, if any, and established reserves, or a requirement that we participate in a product recall, could damage our reputation, make it more difficult for us to sell our products to existing and prospective customers, and have material adverse effects on our business, results of operations, and financial condition.

Since a defect or failure in our product could give rise to failures in the goods that incorporate them (and claims for consequential damages against our customers from their customers), we may face claims for damages that are disproportionate to the revenue and profits we receive from the products involved. We plan to attempt to limit our liability through our standard terms and conditions of sale and other customer contracts in certain instances; however, there is no assurance that such limitations will be effective. To the extent that we are liable for damages in excess of the revenue and profits we received from the products involved, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We may be subject to litigation from time to time during the normal course of business, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time in the normal course of business or otherwise, we may become subject to litigation that may result in liability material to our financial statements as a whole or may negatively affect our operating results if changes to business operations are required. The cost to defend such litigation may be significant and may require a diversion of our resources. There also may be adverse publicity associated with litigation that could negatively affect customer perception of our products and business, regardless of whether the allegations are valid or whether we are ultimately found liable. As a result, litigation may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, economic downturns, or other unexpected events could cause significant harm to our business operations and facilities, adversely affect our supply chain and customer base, and materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We expect that our manufacturing and other facilities, our operations, and the operations of our third-party suppliers and technology providers are susceptible to losses and interruptions caused by floods, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, typhoons, and similar natural disasters, as well as power outages, telecommunications failures, industrial accidents, pandemics, terrorist attacks, war and other political instability, and similar events, whether in mainland China or abroad. The occurrence of any such event in any of the regions in which we, our suppliers, or our technology providers operate could severely disrupt our operations and daily business activities by negatively impacting our supply chain, our ability to deliver products, and the cost of our products, and could adversely affect the economies of the markets in which we operate. Such events can negatively impact revenue and earnings and can significantly impact cash flow, both from decreased revenue and from increased costs associated with the event, and could cause consumer confidence and spending to decrease. All of the aforementioned risks may be further increased if our disaster recovery plans prove to be inadequate. We may carry insurance to generally compensate for losses of the type noted above, however, even if we obtain such insurance, it may not be adequate to cover all losses that may be incurred or continue to be available in the affected area at commercially reasonable rates and terms. Disruptions or downturns in global, national, or local economic conditions may also cause demand for our products and services to decline, and an economic downturn resulting in a prolonged recessionary period would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results. To the extent any losses from natural disasters, public health crises, political crises, or other business disruptions are not covered by insurance, any costs, write-downs, impairments, and decreased revenue can materially adversely affect our business, our results of operations and our financial condition.

We may be unable to complete or successfully integrate strategic transactions, which could limit our ability to execute our business strategies.

Our business strategies may depend on our ability to identify and complete strategic transactions, including acquisitions, investments, joint ventures, and strategic partnerships, to strengthen our geographic diversity and broaden our customer base. We may be unable to identify suitable opportunities, reach acceptable terms, obtain required approvals or financing, or successfully integrate completed transactions. Any such failure could limit our ability to execute our business strategies and materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. Successful completion of a strategic manufacturing partnership agreement or other similar transaction depends on a number of factors that are not entirely within our control, including our ability to negotiate acceptable terms, conclude satisfactory agreements and obtain all necessary regulatory approvals. In seeking to partner with another company, we may require capital investment, funding for operations, or dedicated personnel with special skills. If we need to finance this activity, we may not be able to obtain the necessary financing on satisfactory terms and within the timeframe that would permit the transaction to proceed. If any of these factors prevent us from completing one or more strategic transactions, we may not be able to expand our business in the manner and on the schedule that we plan. In addition, we may incur significant costs arising from our efforts to engage in strategic transactions. These costs may exceed the returns that we realize from a given transaction. Moreover, these expenditures may not result in the successful completion of a transaction.

Even if we complete one or more strategic partnership agreements, we may be unable to work effectively with the partner company, which may impact our ability to reach the goals of the partnership. Further, such a partnership could disrupt ongoing business, distract management and employees, or lead to increased expenses.

Our current operations are concentrated in one location and in the event of an earthquake, terrorist attack or other disaster affecting this location or those of our major suppliers, our operations may be interrupted, and our business may be harmed.

Our principal executive offices and operating facilities are situated near Santa Barbara, California, and many of our major suppliers, vendors, and manufacturing partners are located in areas that have been subject to severe earthquakes and are susceptible to other disasters such as tropical storms, fires, typhoons or tsunamis. In the event of a disaster, we or one or more of our major suppliers, vendors, or manufacturing partners may be temporarily unable to continue operations and may suffer significant property damage. Any interruption in our ability, or that of our major suppliers, to continue operations could delay the development and shipment of our products and have a substantial negative impact on our financial results. As part of our risk management policy, we maintain insurance coverage at levels that we believe are appropriate for our business. However, in the event of an accident or incident at these facilities, we cannot assure you that the amounts or coverage of insurance will be sufficient to satisfy any damages and losses.

Our officers and directors allocate their time to other businesses thereby causing conflicts of interest in their determination as to how much time to devote to our affairs. This conflict of interest could have a negative impact on our ability to carry out all of our operations and goals.

Our officers and directors are not required to, and will not, commit their full time to our affairs, which may result in a conflict of interest in allocating their time between our operations and their other occupations. Our officers may be engaged in other business endeavors for which they may be entitled to substantial compensation, and our officers are not obligated to contribute any specific number of hours per week to our affairs. Our directors also serve or may serve as officers or board members for other entities. If our officers’ or directors’ other business affairs require them to devote substantial amounts of time to such affairs in excess of their current commitment levels, it could limit their ability to devote time to our affairs, which may have a negative impact on our ability to carry out our operations and goals.

Dependence on customers in regulated industries and changes in applicable laws and regulations could adversely affect demand for our products and business.

Our business prospects depend, in part, on the demand for our products from customers operating in industries that are or may be subject to evolving federal, state, local and foreign laws and regulations. Changes in, or the interpretation, implementation or enforcement of, such laws and regulations, including those relating to environmental protection, trade policy, export controls, data privacy, taxation, or industry-specific compliance requirements, may increase our customers’ costs of doing business, restrict their operations, delay or cancel their capital expenditure plans, or otherwise adversely affect their financial condition.

Demand for our technologies may not develop as we expect, and evolving regulation and competition could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our technology may be used in applications involving AI, high-performance computing, sensing, communications, defense and aerospace, mobile devices, and quantum computing. Although we believe our heterogeneous integration platform, photodetectors, photodetector arrays, quantum dot lasers, and other photonic and electronic semiconductor technologies may be relevant to AI-related applications, we are an early-stage company, we have not achieved volume production for any product offering, and growth in AI-related markets may not result in meaningful demand for our specific technologies or products. AI infrastructure investment cycles may be volatile and may be affected by customer capital expenditure decisions, changing technical architectures, energy and cost constraints, supply chain limitations, and shifts in customer priorities. If customers adopt competing technologies, develop solutions internally, reduce AI-related investments, or determine that our products do not meet their performance, cost, reliability, qualification, or integration requirements, our ability to commercialize our products and grow revenue could be materially and adversely affected.

AI and AI-adjacent technologies are also subject to evolving U.S. and international regulation, procurement rules, data protection requirements, cybersecurity standards, and public scrutiny, in addition to the export control and trade restriction risks described below under “Risks Relating to the Semiconductor Industry.” These developments could increase compliance costs, restrict sales or technology transfers, delay customer programs, or reduce demand from customers in regulated industries. In addition, larger semiconductor, photonics, foundry, systems, and technology companies may have greater resources, manufacturing access, customer relationships, and product roadmaps for AI-related markets than we do. If we are unable to compete effectively, or if products incorporating our technologies are associated with AI-related applications that are perceived as unsafe, unreliable, controversial, or inconsistent with evolving legal, ethical, or social expectations, our reputation, customer relationships, business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Risks Relating to the Semiconductor Industry

We will rely on limited sources of wafer fabrication, packaged products fabrication and product testing, the loss of which could delay and limit our product shipments.

We expect to subcontract wafer fabrication services to third-party suppliers, including foundries. These suppliers also offer such services to other companies, and we expect to be a relatively small customer compared to larger semiconductor companies. As a result, we may not have access to adequate capacity for our needs and our customers’ needs, and we may have less control over delivery schedules, pricing, and overall support than larger customers of those facilities. Additionally, certain foundry processes critical to our products may only be available from a limited number of suppliers, creating concentration risk. If the wafer foundries we use are unable or unwilling to manufacture our products in our required volumes, or at specified times, we may have to identify and qualify acceptable additional or alternative foundries. This qualification process could require significant time and capital, and we may not find sufficient capacity in a timely manner or at an acceptable cost to satisfy our production requirements.

Some companies that supply products to our customers are similarly dependent on a limited number of suppliers. These other companies’ products may represent important components of camera systems or sensor assemblies and other products into which our products are designed. If these companies are unable to produce the volumes demanded by our customers, our customers may be forced to slow down or halt production on the equipment for which our products are designed, which could materially impact our order levels.

Because we expect to depend on third-party manufacturers to build portions of our products, we will be susceptible to manufacturing delays and pricing fluctuations that could prevent us from shipping customer orders on time, if at all, or on a cost-effective basis, which may result in the loss of sales, income, and customers.

We will depend on third-party manufacturers to build several stages of our products. Our reliance on these third-party manufacturers reduces our control over the manufacturing process and exposes us to risks, including reduced control over quality assurance, product costs, and product supply and timing. Any manufacturing disruption by these third-party manufacturers could severely impair our ability to fulfill orders. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers also creates the potential for infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. If we are unable to manage our relationships with third-party manufacturers effectively, or if our third-party manufacturers experience delays or disruptions for any reason, increased manufacturing lead-times, capacity constraints or quality control problems in their manufacturing operations, or if they otherwise fail to meet our future requirements for timely delivery, our ability to ship products to our customers would be severely impaired, and our business and results of operations would be seriously harmed.

Downturns or volatility in general economic conditions could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

In recent years, worldwide semiconductor industry sales have tracked the impact of the financial crisis, subsequent recovery, and persistent economic uncertainty. We believe that the state of economic conditions in the United States is particularly uncertain due to recent and expected shifts in legislative and regulatory conditions concerning, among other matters, international trade and taxation, and that an uneven recovery or a renewed global downturn may put pressure on our sales due to reductions in customer demand as well as customers deferring purchases. Volatile and/or uncertain economic conditions, including inflation and interest rate fluctuations, can adversely impact sales and profitability and make it difficult for us and our competitors to accurately forecast and plan our future business activities. To the extent we incorrectly plan for favorable economic conditions that do not materialize or take longer to materialize than expected, we may face oversupply of our products relative to customer demand. Reduced customer spending may in the future drive us and our competitors, to reduce product pricing, which will result in a negative effect on gross profit. Moreover, volatility in revenue as a result of unpredictable economic conditions may alter our anticipated working capital needs and interfere with our short-term and long-term strategies. To the extent that our sales, profitability, and strategies are negatively affected by downturns or volatility in general economic conditions, our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical, and significant downturns or upturns in customer demand can materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and, as a result, is subject to significant downturns and upturns in customer demand for semiconductors and related products. We cannot accurately predict the timing of future downturns and upturns in the semiconductor industry or how severe and prolonged these conditions might be. Significant downturns often occur in connection with, or in anticipation of, maturing product cycles (for semiconductors and for the end-user products in which they are used) or declines in general economic conditions and can result in reduced product demand, production overcapacity, high inventory levels and accelerated erosion of average selling prices, any of which could materially adversely affect our operating results as a result of increased operating expenses outpacing decreased revenue, reduced margins, underutilization of our manufacturing capacity and/or asset impairment charges. On the other hand, significant upturns can cause us to be unable to satisfy demand in a timely and cost-efficient manner. In the event of such an upturn, we may not be able to expand our workforce and operations in a sufficiently timely manner, procure adequate resources and raw materials, or locate suitable third-party suppliers to respond effectively to changes in demand for our existing products or to the demand for new products requested by our customers, and our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

Rapid innovation and short product life cycles in the semiconductor industry can result in price erosion of older products, which may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid innovation and short product life cycles, which often results in price erosion, especially with respect to products containing older technology. Products are frequently replaced by more technologically advanced substitutes and, as demand for older technology falls, the price at which such products can be sold drops, in some cases precipitously. In addition, our and our competitors’ excess inventory levels can accelerate general price erosion.

Shortages or increased prices of raw materials could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Our manufacturing processes will rely on many raw materials, components, equipment, logistics providers, and third-party suppliers, including specialty materials such as indium, gallium, arsenic, and others that are essential to III-V compound semiconductor manufacturing. Generally, we expect that our agreements with suppliers of raw materials will impose no minimum or continuing supply obligations, and we will obtain our raw materials and supplies from a large number of sources on a just-in-time basis. From time to time, suppliers of raw materials may extend lead times, limit supplies, or increase prices due to capacity constraints or other factors beyond our control. Shortages could occur in various essential raw materials due to interruptions in supply, increased demand, or geopolitical factors. If we are unable to obtain adequate supplies of raw materials in a timely manner, the costs of our raw materials increase significantly, their quality deteriorates or they give rise to compatibility or performance issues in our products, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected. Geopolitical conflicts, trade restrictions, and export controls might unfavorably impact the availability of rare earths or rare minerals such as indium, gallium, arsenic, etc., which are used in our manufacturing processes or in the manufacturing of other components in our customers’ systems. China is a significant global supplier of certain critical raw materials and minerals, including materials important to the semiconductor industry, and any restrictions on exports from China or other key supplier countries, or retaliatory actions by those countries, could materially impact our supply chain and increase our costs. If any country or entity decided to reduce or ration the volumes available to us, our supplier eco-system or our customers’ supply chains, our business could be materially adversely impacted.

Changes in administration may lead to changes in import tariffs, which could impact the semiconductor industry that relies on imports of raw materials and other supplies or equipment.

When a new administration takes power and changes import tariffs, key risk factors include increased costs for businesses due to higher tariffs, disruption to supply chains, uncertainty in the market leading to delayed investment decisions, potential retaliatory tariffs from other countries, price increases for consumers, and potential impacts on specific industries heavily reliant on imports; all of which can negatively affect profitability and economic stability. Impacts may include higher import costs, supply chain disruptions, market uncertainty, retaliatory tariffs, tariff changes, price increases, currency fluctuations, and legal challenges, all of which could adversely affect our ability to conduct business.

Moreover, the emergence of a trade war between major trading nations could have broader economic repercussions, potentially affecting consumer spending, market stability, and overall demand in the semiconductor sector. As our operations may rely on goods or services affected by international trade dynamics, any unfavorable changes in trade relations could pose significant risks to our profitability and strategic growth.

Export controls, sanctions, and other trade restrictions applicable to semiconductor, photonics, defense, aerospace, AI, and quantum technologies could limit our ability to sell or transfer our products and technology.

Our anticipated products and technology, including photonics and electronics based on high-performance semiconductors and technologies developed for government or regulated customers, may be subject to U.S. and foreign export controls, sanctions, import rules, and other trade restrictions. These laws and policies may require licenses or other authorizations, restrict transfers to certain countries, entities, end uses, or end users, or delay customer programs. Changes in export control or sanctions policies, including restrictions involving advanced semiconductors, AI, quantum, defense, aerospace, communications, or related technologies, could prevent or delay the sale, shipment, transfer, or use of our products or technology, increase compliance costs, or expose us to penalties, investigations, reputational harm, or loss of export privileges if we fail to comply.

Our facilities and processes may be interdependent and an operational disruption at any particular facility could have a material adverse effect on our ability to produce our products, which would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may utilize an integrated manufacturing platform in which multiple facilities may each produce one or more components necessary for the assembly of a single product. If we do, an operational disruption at a facility toward the front-end of our manufacturing process may have a disproportionate impact on our ability to produce our products. For example, if our multiple facilities rely predominantly on one third-party for manufacturing at the front-end of its manufacturing process, in the event of any operational disruption, natural or man-made disaster or other extraordinary event at such third-party facility, we may be unable to effectively source replacement components on acceptable terms from qualified third parties, in which case our ability to produce our products could be materially disrupted or delayed.

Conversely, if our facilities are single-source facilities that only produce one of our end-products, a disruption at any such facility would materially delay or cease production of the related product. In the event of any such operational disruption, we may experience difficulty in beginning production of replacement components or products at new facilities (for example, due to construction delays) or transferring production to other existing facilities (for example, due to capacity constraints or difficulty in transitioning to new manufacturing processes), any of which could result in a loss of future revenues and materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may be unable to maintain manufacturing efficiency, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We believe that our success will materially depend on our ability to maintain or improve our margin levels related to manufacturing. Semiconductor manufacturing requires advanced equipment and significant capital investment, leading to high fixed costs, which include depreciation expenses. Manufacturing semiconductor components also involves highly complex processes that we and our competitors are continuously modifying to improve yields and product performance. In addition, impurities, waste, or other difficulties in the manufacturing process can lower production yields. Our manufacturing efficiency will be an important factor in our future profitability, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to manufacture efficiently, increase manufacturing efficiency to the same extent as our competitors, or be successful in our manufacturing rationalization plans. If we are unable to utilize manufacturing and testing facilities at expected levels, or if production capacity increases while revenue does not, the fixed costs and other operating expenses associated with these facilities will not be fully absorbed, resulting in higher average unit costs and lower gross profits, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The failure to successfully implement cost reduction initiatives, including through restructuring activities, could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

From time to time, we may implement cost reduction initiatives in response to significant downturns in our industry, including relocating manufacturing to lower cost regions, transitioning higher-cost external supply to internal manufacturing, working with our material suppliers to lower costs, implementing personnel reductions and voluntary retirement programs, reducing employee compensation, temporary shutdowns of facilities with mandatory vacation and aggressively streamlining our overhead.

We cannot assure you that any cost reduction initiatives will be successfully or timely implemented or that they will materially and positively impact profitability.

If we are unable to identify and make the substantial R&D investments required to remain competitive in our business, our business, financial condition, and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

The semiconductor industry requires substantial investment in R&D in order to develop and bring to market new and enhanced technologies and products. The development of new products is a complex and time-consuming process and often requires significant capital investment and lead time for development and testing. We cannot assure you that we will have sufficient resources to maintain the level of investment in R&D that is required to remain competitive.

In addition, the lengthy development cycle for our products will limit our ability to adapt quickly to changes affecting the product markets and requirements of our customers and end-users. There can be no assurance that we will win competitive bid selection processes, known as “design wins,” for new products. In addition, design wins do not guarantee that we will make customer sales or that we will generate sufficient revenue to recover design and development investments, as expenditures for technology and product development are generally made before the commercial viability for such developments can be assured. There is no assurance that we will realize a return on the capital expended to develop new products, that a significant investment in new products will be profitable or that we will have margins as high as we anticipate at the time of investment or have experienced historically. To the extent that we underinvest in our R&D efforts, or that our investments and capital expenditures in R&D do not lead to sales of new products, we may be unable to bring to market technologies and products that are attractive to our customers, and as a result our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We may be unable to develop new products to satisfy changing customer demands or regulatory requirements, which may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapidly changing technologies, evolving regulatory and industry standards and certifications, changing customer needs and frequent new product introductions. Our success will be largely dependent on our ability to accurately predict, identify and adapt to changes affecting the requirements of our customers in a timely and cost-effective manner. Additionally, the emergence of new industry or regulatory standards and certification requirements may adversely affect the demand for our products. We plan to focus our new product development efforts on market segments and applications that we anticipate will experience growth, but there can be no assurance that we will be successful in identifying high-growth areas or develop products that meet industry standards or certification requirements in a timely manner. A fundamental shift in technologies, the regulatory climate or consumption patterns and preferences in our existing product markets or the product markets of our customers or end-users could make our current products obsolete, prevent or delay the introduction of new products that we planned to make or render our current or new products irrelevant to our customers’ needs. If our new product development efforts fail to align with the needs of our customers, including due to circumstances outside of our control like a fundamental shift in the product markets of our customers and end users or regulatory changes, our business and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

The semiconductor industry is highly competitive, and our inability to compete effectively could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is highly competitive, and our ability to compete successfully depends on elements both within and outside of our control. We will face significant competition from major global semiconductor companies as well as smaller companies focused on specific market niches. In addition, companies not currently in direct competition with us may introduce competing products in the future.

Our inability to compete effectively could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations. Products or technologies developed by competitors that are larger and have more substantial R&D budgets, or that are smaller and more targeted in their development efforts, may render our products or technologies obsolete or noncompetitive. We also may be unable to market and sell our products if they are not competitive on the basis of price, quality, technical performance, features, system compatibility, customized design, innovation, availability, delivery timing and reliability. If we fail to compete effectively in developing strategic relationships with customers and customer sales and technical support, our sales and revenue may be materially adversely affected. Competitive pressures may limit our ability to raise prices, and any inability to maintain revenue or raise prices to offset increases in costs could have a significant adverse effect on our gross margin. Reduced sales and lower gross margins would materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

The semiconductor industry has experienced rapid consolidation and our inability to compete with large competitors or failure to identify attractive opportunities to consolidate may materially adversely affect our business.

The semiconductor industry is characterized by the high costs associated with developing marketable products and manufacturing technologies as well as high levels of investment in production capabilities. As a result, the semiconductor industry has experienced, and may continue to experience, significant consolidation among companies and vertical integration among customers. Larger competitors resulting from consolidations may have certain advantages over us, including, but not limited to substantially greater financial and other resources with which to withstand adverse economic or market conditions and pursue development, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, or distribution of their products; longer independent operating histories; presence in key markets; patent protection; and greater name recognition. In addition, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to our peers if we fail to identify attractive opportunities to acquire companies to expand our business. Consolidation among our competitors and integration among our customers could erode our market share, negatively impact our capacity to compete and require us to restructure our operations, any of which would have a material adverse effect on our business.

We will be dependent on the services of third-party suppliers and contract manufacturers, and any disruption in or deterioration of the quality of the services delivered by such third parties could materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We plan to use third-party contractors for certain of our manufacturing activities. Our agreements with these manufacturers may require us to commit to purchase services based on forecasted product needs, which may be inaccurate, and, in some cases, require longer-term commitments. We will also be dependent upon a limited number of highly specialized third-party suppliers for required components and materials for certain of our key technologies. Arranging for replacement manufacturers and suppliers can be time-consuming and costly, and the number of qualified alternative providers can be extremely limited. In addition, our foundry, packaging, integration, and other ecosystem partners may not prioritize our programs, maintain capacity for our needs, align with our technology roadmap, or meet the quality, timing, cost, or process requirements needed to scale our products. Our business operations, productivity and customer relations could be materially adversely affected if these contractual relationships were disrupted or terminated, the cost of such services increased significantly, the quality of the services provided deteriorated, or our forecasted needs proved to be materially incorrect.

Sales through distributors and other third parties will expose us to risks that, if realized, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may sell a significant portion of our products through distributors. Distributors may sell products that compete with our products, and we may need to provide financial and other incentives to focus distributors on the sale of our products. We may rely on one or more key distributors for a product, and the loss of these distributors could reduce our revenue. Distributors may face financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, which could harm our collection of accounts receivable and financial results. Violations of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (“FCPA”) or similar laws by distributors or other third-party intermediaries could have a material impact on our business. Failure to manage risks related to our use of distributors may reduce sales, increase expenses, and weaken our competitive position, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our potential future global operations may subject us to risks inherent in doing business on a global level that could adversely impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If our long-term expansion plans are realized, we anticipate that a certain amount of our total revenue may be derived from countries outside of the United States in the future, and we might maintain certain operations in these regions. In addition, we may rely on a number of contract manufacturers whose operations are primarily located outside of the United States. Risks inherent in doing business on a global level include, among others, the following:

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in overcoming the risks that relate to or arise from operating in international markets, the materialization of any of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Special authorizations, permits, and licenses may be required for our operations, which if delayed or denied could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The semiconductor industry commonly uses various hazardous materials in the manufacture of products. These materials may be incorporated in end products, be waste products of the manufacturing process, or be released accidentally. Such hazardous materials are regulated by state, local, and federal law and applicable policies, regulations, or other requirements. Furthermore, the semiconductor industry commonly utilizes equipment that can increase the risk of fire, water damage, electric shock to personnel, in addition to other risks. Semiconductor operations generally require permits, licenses, and other authorizations from government agencies. Since we have not yet commenced any of these operations, no permits or other authorizations have been obtained. Any delay or denial of such authorizations could have a material adverse effect on our operations and financial condition.

Environmental and health and safety liabilities and expenditures could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our future manufacturing operations may be subject to various environmental laws and regulations relating to the management, disposal and remediation of hazardous substances and the emission and discharge of pollutants into the air, water, and ground, and we may be identified as either a primary responsible party or a potentially responsible party at sites where we or our predecessors operated or disposed of waste in the past. Our operations may also be subject to laws and regulations relating to workplace safety and worker health, which, among other requirements, regulate employee exposure to various hazards including hazardous substances. We do not currently maintain environmental insurance to cover certain claims related to historical contamination and future releases of hazardous substances. Moreover, we cannot assure you that even if such insurance is purchased, it will cover any or all of our material environmental costs. In addition, the nature of our future operations may expose us to the continuing risk of environmental and health and safety liabilities including:

To the extent that we face unforeseen environmental or health and safety compliance costs or remediation expenses or liabilities that are not covered by insurance, we may bear the full effect of such costs, expenses, and liabilities, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may be subject to disruptions or breaches of our secured network that could irreparably damage our reputation and our business, expose us to liability and materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We may routinely collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, trade secrets, and other proprietary information about our business and our customers, suppliers, and business partners. The secure processing, maintenance, and transmission of this information will be critical to our operations and business strategy. We may be subject to disruptions or breaches of our secured network caused by computer viruses, ransomware, illegal hacking, social engineering attacks, criminal fraud, or impersonation, acts of vandalism or terrorism, or employee error. Our security measures and/or those of our third-party service providers and/or customers may not detect or prevent such security breaches. Threat actors, including state-sponsored actors, may target semiconductor companies to obtain intellectual property or disrupt operations. The costs to us to reduce the risk of or alleviate cybersecurity breaches and vulnerabilities could be significant, and our efforts to address these problems may not be successful and could result in interruptions and delays that may materially impede our sales, manufacturing, distribution, or other critical functions. Any such compromise of our information security could result in the misappropriation or unauthorized publication of our confidential business or proprietary information or that of other parties with which we do business, an interruption in our operations, the unauthorized transfer of cash or other of our assets, the unauthorized release of customer or employee data, or a violation of privacy or other laws, including data protection regulations. In addition, computer programmers and hackers also may be able to develop and deploy viruses, worms, and other malicious software programs that attack our systems, or that otherwise exploit any security vulnerabilities, and any such attack, if successful, could expose us to liability to customer claims. Any of the foregoing could irreparably damage our reputation and business, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

The failure to comply with the terms and conditions of our contracts could result in, among other things, damages, fines, or other liabilities.

We expect to have a diverse customer base consisting of both private sector clients and public sector clients, including the U.S. government. Sales to our private sector clients are generally expected to be based on stated contractual terms, the terms and conditions on our website or terms contained in purchase orders on a transaction-by-transaction basis. Sales to our public sector clients are generally expected to be derived from sales to federal, state, and local governmental departments and agencies through various contracts and programs, which may require compliance with regulations covering many areas of our operations, including, but not limited to, accounting practices, IP rights, information handling, and security. Noncompliance with contract terms, particularly with respect to highly regulated public sector clients, or with government procurement regulations could result in fines or penalties against us, termination of such contracts, or civil, criminal, and administrative liability to us. With respect to public sector clients, the government’s remedies may also include suspension or debarment from future government business. The effect of any of these possible actions or the adoption of new or modified procurement regulations or practices could materially adversely affect our business, financial position, and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Intellectual Property

If we are unable to protect the intellectual property we use, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We have filed several patent applications that are in various stages of progress. Some applications have issued, but there can be no assurance that all of the applications will be issued. The enforceability of any patents, trademarks, copyrights, software licenses and other IP we own or may own may be uncertain in certain circumstances. Effective IP protection may be unavailable, limited or not applied for in the U.S. and internationally. The various laws and regulations governing registered and unregistered IP assets, patents, trade secrets, trademarks, mask works and copyrights to protect products and technologies are subject to legislative and regulatory change and interpretation by courts. With respect to our IP generally, we cannot assure you that:

If we seek to enforce our rights, we may be subject to claims that the IP right is invalid, is otherwise not enforceable or is licensed to the party against whom we are asserting a claim. In addition, our assertion of IP rights may result in the other party seeking to assert alleged IP rights of its own against us, which may materially adversely impact our business. An unfavorable ruling in these sorts of matters could include money damages or an injunction prohibiting us from manufacturing or selling one or more products, which could in turn negatively affect our business, results of operations or cash flows.

In addition, some of our products and technologies may not be covered by any patents or pending patent applications. We intend to protect our proprietary technologies, including technologies that may not be patented or patentable, in part by confidentiality agreements and, if applicable, inventors’ rights agreements with our collaborators, advisors, employees and consultants. We cannot assure you that these agreements will not be breached, that we will have adequate remedies for any breach or that persons or institutions will not assert rights to IP arising out of our research. Should we be unable to protect our IP, competitors may develop products or technologies that duplicate our products or technologies, benefit financially from innovations for which we bore the costs of development and undercut the sales and marketing of our products, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

If our technologies are subject to claims of infringement on the intellectual property rights of third parties, efforts to address such claims could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may, from time to time, be subject to claims that we may be infringing third-party intellectual property (“IP”) rights. If necessary or desirable, we may seek licenses under such IP rights. However, we cannot assure you that we will obtain such licenses or that the terms of any offered licenses will be acceptable to us. The failure to obtain a license from a third-party for IP we use could cause us to incur substantial liabilities or to suspend the manufacture or shipment of products or our use of processes requiring such technologies. Further, we may be subject to IP litigation, which could cause us to incur significant expense, materially adversely affect sales of the challenged product or technologies and divert the efforts of our technical and management personnel, whether or not such litigation is resolved in our favor. In the event of an adverse outcome in any such litigation, we may be required to:

The outcome of IP litigation is inherently uncertain and, if not resolved in our favor, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

We are a smaller reporting company, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to smaller reporting companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are currently a “smaller reporting company,” which allows us to provide simplified executive compensation disclosures in their filings; are exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act requiring that independent registered public accounting firms provide an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting; and have certain other decreased disclosure obligations in their SEC filings, including, among other things, only being required to provide two years of audited financial statements in annual reports and registration statements. Decreased disclosures in our SEC filings due to our status as a smaller reporting company may make it harder for investors to analyze our results of operations and financial prospects. We will remain exempt from the provisions of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act until we no longer qualify as a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. Depending on when our filer status changes and we lose our ability to rely on the exemption from Section 404(b), we may not have procedures and systems in place to immediately comply with its requirements.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting that, if not properly remediated, could result in material misstatements in our consolidated financial statements in future periods.

Our management identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2026, and concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of June 30, 2026. Management concluded that there was a material weakness in our internal controls because there was an insufficient number of personnel with appropriate technical accounting and SEC reporting expertise to adhere to certain control disciplines and to evaluate and properly record certain non-routine and complex transactions. As of August 4, 2025, we hired a full-time Chief Financial Officer, who we believe will help remediate the identified material weakness, and added accounting personnel in August 2026. However, we cannot assure you that the measures we have taken, or will take in the future, will be sufficient to remediate the material weakness or prevent additional material weaknesses from arising. We are implementing a remediation plan, which includes enhancing our technical accounting resources and internal control procedures, but we cannot provide assurance as to when remediation will be complete or that additional material weaknesses will not be identified.

A material weakness in internal control over financial reporting is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. If we fail to (1) remediate the significant deficiencies identified in our internal control over financial reporting, (2) maintain the adequacy of internal control over our financial reporting with regard to our financial condition and results of operations, or (3) remediate the material weakness identified in our internal controls over financial reporting, we probably will not be able to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of Sarbanes Oxley, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time. Also, such ineffective controls could impair our ability to report quarterly and annual financial results, or other information required to be disclosed, in a timely and accurate manner and could cause our financial reporting to be unreliable, leading to misinformation being disseminated to the public. In addition, other material weaknesses may be identified in the future. If we are unable to correct deficiencies in internal controls in a timely manner, our ability to record, process, summarize and report financial information accurately and within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms will be adversely affected. These failures could negatively affect the market price and trading liquidity of our common stock, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, subject us to civil and criminal investigations and penalties, and generally materially and adversely impact our business and financial condition.

There may be limitations on the effectiveness of our internal controls, and a failure of our control systems to prevent error or fraud may materially harm our company.

Proper systems of internal controls over financial accounting and disclosure are critical to the operation of a public company. As we are a start-up company, we are at the very early stages of establishing, and we may be unable to effectively establish such systems, especially in light of the fact that we are a public company. This would leave us without the ability to reliably assimilate and compile financial information about us and significantly impair our ability to prevent errors and detect fraud, all of which would have a negative impact on us from many perspectives.

Moreover, we do not expect that disclosure controls or internal control over financial reporting, even if established, will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. Failure of our control systems to prevent error or fraud could materially adversely impact us.

Our officers, directors, and significant stockholders own a significant percentage of our outstanding voting securities, which could reduce the ability of minority stockholders to effect certain corporate actions.

Collectively, our officers and directors own an aggregate of 2,593,010 shares of our common stock, or approximately 13.3% of our outstanding voting securities as of June 30, 2026. We also have two stockholders who own over 5% of our common stock on an individual basis. As a result, such persons may exert a substantial influence on actions requiring a stockholder vote, potentially in a manner that you do not support, including amendments to our certificate of incorporation and approval of major corporate transactions. Such persons are expected to have significant influence over a decision to enter into any corporate transaction. Such concentration of voting power could have the effect of delaying, deterring, or preventing a change of control or other business combination, which could, in turn, have an adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock or prevent our stockholders from realizing a premium over the then-prevailing market price for their Common Stock.

In addition, our board of directors is divided into three classes, each of which generally serves for a term of three years, with only one class of directors being elected in each year. As a consequence of our “staggered” board of directors, only a minority of the board of directors will be considered for election, and our officers and directors, because of their ownership position, will have considerable influence regarding the outcome.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future, and consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our Common Stock.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Common Stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends to holders of our Common Stock in the foreseeable future. Consequently, investors must rely on sales of their shares after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments. There is no guarantee that shares of our Common Stock will appreciate in value or even maintain the price at which our stockholders have purchased their shares.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) has adopted rules requiring that, in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative or low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA has indicated its belief that there is a high probability that speculative or low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. If these FINRA requirements are applicable to us or our securities, they may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that at least some of their customers buy our common stock, which may limit the ability of our stockholders to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market for and price of our common stock.

Substantial future sales of shares of our common stock could cause the market price of our common stock to decline.

We will finance our immediate cash needs (and expect to finance our future cash needs until we become profitable, if ever) through equity offerings, debt financings or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances, and licensing arrangements. We will require substantial funding to fund our business. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, your ownership interest will be diluted.

Sales of substantial amounts of Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that such sales could occur, could materially adversely affect the market price of the Common Stock, and may make it more difficult for you to sell your securities at a time and price that you deem appropriate.

The market price of our Common Stock could decline as a result of sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur. In addition, these factors could make it more difficult for us to raise funds through future offerings of our Common Stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. In addition, because we did not become a reporting company by conducting an underwritten initial public offering of our common stock, security analysts of brokerage firms may not provide coverage of our company. We cannot assure you that brokerage firms will provide analyst coverage of our company in the future or continue such coverage if started. In addition, investment banks may be less likely to agree to underwrite secondary offerings on our behalf than they might if we became a public reporting company by means of an underwritten initial public offering, because they may be less familiar with our company as a result of more limited coverage by analysts and the media, which could harm our ability to raise additional funding in the future. The failure to receive research coverage or support in the market for our shares will have an adverse effect on our ability to develop a liquid market for our common stock, which will negatively impact the trading price of our common stock.

If any of the analysts who cover us issue an adverse or misleading opinion regarding us, or if our operating results fail to meet the expectations of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Provisions in our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may inhibit a takeover of us, which could limit the price investors might be willing to pay in the future for our common stock.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may discourage unsolicited takeover proposals that stockholders may consider to be in their best interests. These provisions include the ability of the board of directors to designate the terms of and issue new series of preferred shares, which may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities and the division of our board of directors into three classes, serving staggered terms of three years each.

We are also subject to anti-takeover provisions under Delaware law, which could delay or prevent a change of control. Together, these provisions may make the removal of management more difficult and may discourage transactions that otherwise could involve payment of a premium over prevailing market prices for our securities.

We have adopted exclusive forum bylaws for certain matters, which may have the effect of discouraging lawsuits against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders.

Our bylaws will require, to the fullest extent permitted by law, that derivative actions brought in our name, actions against our directors, officers, other employees or stockholders for breach of fiduciary duty and certain other actions may be brought only in the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware and, if brought outside of Delaware, the stockholder bringing the suit will be deemed to have consented to service of process on such stockholder’s counsel except any action (A) as to which the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware determines that there is an indispensable party not subject to the jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery (and the indispensable party does not consent to the personal jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery within ten days following such determination), (B) which is vested in the exclusive jurisdiction of a court or forum other than the Court of Chancery or (C) for which the Court of Chancery does not have subject matter jurisdiction. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in shares of our capital stock shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to the forum provisions in our bylaws. This choice of forum provision may limit or make more costly a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or any of our directors, officers, other employees, or stockholders, which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Alternatively, if a court were to find the choice of forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Our bylaws will provide that the exclusive forum provision will be applicable to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, subject to certain exceptions. Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. As a result, the exclusive forum provision will not apply to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. In addition, our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the federal district courts of the United States of America shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for the resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act, or the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. We note, however, that there is uncertainty as to whether a court would enforce this provision and that investors cannot waive compliance with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder. Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for state and federal courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile.

The quotation systems and stock exchanges, including Nasdaq, on which our common stock is quoted, have from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations. Even if our common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq, the market price of our common stock may be volatile and could decline significantly. In addition, the trading volume in our common stock may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. If the market price of our common stock declines significantly, you may be unable to resell your shares at or above the market price of our common stock. We cannot assure you that the market price of common stock will not fluctuate widely or decline significantly in the future in response to a number of factors, including, among others, the following:

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, and certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and, for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we intend to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to emerging growth companies, including:

Our status as an emerging growth company will end as soon as any of the following takes place:

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to continue to rely on the exemptions afforded to emerging growth companies. If some investors find our common stock less attractive because we have relied on any of these exemptions, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock, and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this provision of the JOBS Act. As a result, we will not be subject to new or revised accounting standards at the same time as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Therefore, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

As discussed above, we are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a “smaller reporting company” even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies for as long as we qualify.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties.

We lease our corporate headquarters in Goleta, California, Our principal R&D and manufacturing facility is approximately 9,000 square feet and includes a cleanroom and equipment used for epitaxy wafer production, process development, prototyping, wafer-scale testing, and validation. The lease is scheduled to expire in March 2031 and includes a 60-month extension option. We also lease approximately 2,400 square feet of additional office space near our headquarters.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

We are not currently involved in any material legal proceedings. From time to time, we anticipate that we will be involved in legal proceedings, claims, and litigation arising in the ordinary course of our business and otherwise. The ultimate costs to resolve any such matters could have a material adverse effect on our financial statements. We could be forced to incur material expenses with respect to these legal proceedings, and in the event that there is an outcome adverse to us, our financial position and prospects could be harmed. We carry insurance coverage in such amounts as we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and that may or may not cover any or all of our liabilities in respect of these matters.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters, and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol of “ALMU.”

As of September 11, 2026, there were 31 registered holders of our common stock.

Dividends

We have never paid any cash dividends on our capital stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain future earnings to fund ongoing operations and future capital requirements. Any future determination to pay cash dividends will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, and such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Between April 13 and June 18, 2026, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 313,901 shares of common stock were exercised, primarily through cashless exercises, resulting in the issuance of an aggregate of 288,050 shares of common stock and $18 thousand in cash proceeds. The shares were issued in reliance on an exemption from registration set forth in Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) to “accredited investors,” as defined in Rule 501 of Regulation D of the SEC, without the use of any general solicitation or advertising to market or otherwise offer the securities for sale. None of the shares issued were registered under the Securities Act or applicable state securities laws and none may be offered or sold in the United States absent registration under the Securities Act, or an exemption from such registration requirements.

We did not sell any other equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act during the quarter ended June 30, 2026, that were not otherwise disclosed in our Current Reports on Form 8-K.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

We did not purchase any shares of our common stock or other securities during the quarter ended June 30, 2026.

Item 6. Reserved.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The forward-looking statements include statements that reflect management’s good faith beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, expectations, anticipations and intentions with respect to our future development plans, capital resources and requirements, results of operations, and future business performance. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements included in this discussion as a result of certain factors, including those identified in Part I, Item 1A, of this report.

Overview

Our business commenced operations in 2021 and our operations remain in the development stage. To date, our activities have been primarily concentrated on product design, engineering validation, prototyping, and establishing manufacturing and supply chain relationships. We have not yet generated significant revenues from commercial product sales and continue to devote substantial resources to R&D, product qualification, and market readiness.

We have raised approximately $60 million through public offerings from March 2025 to date. We have also established an at-the-market offering program to sell up to $50 million of common stock, pursuant to which we have $29.3 million in remaining capacity. The proceeds of these offerings have been used primarily to fund R&D efforts, expand engineering capabilities, and support general corporate operations. The proceeds from the completed offerings have provided near-term capital to support our operations and ongoing development efforts. However, we continue to face risks typical of development stage companies including, but not limited to, operational and financial challenges, uncertainty in product development, and product-market fit.

As of June 30, 2026, the proceeds from these offerings continued to support our working capital, operations, and planned business development activities. Management continues to monitor capital market conditions and may consider other future financing if needed.

Recent Government Customer Contracts

During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, we entered into six new government customer contracts, including with NASA, the State University of New York, and the Office of the Secretary of Defense. We also continued to perform under existing customer contracts, including contracts with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, which contributed significantly to our revenue during the year.

Also, as previously announced, we have signed a letter of intent for up to $30 million of proposed funding under the CHIPS Act, which is administered by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The award would support R&D of our scalable, non-InP semiconductor manufacturing platform for photonics, an important technology for the U.S. economy and national security.

The award remains subject to the completion of further due diligence, required approvals, including internal approvals of the U.S. Government, and the parties’ negotiation and execution of definitive award documents. The letter of intent contemplates a portion of the award being funded up front and the remainder funded on a milestone-based award structure tied to eligible project costs and technical progress. In connection with executing final award documents, We would issue equity securities to the U.S. Department of Commerce with an aggregate value equal to the award amount.

Results of Operations

Our results of operations for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, as compared to the same period of 2025, were as follows ($ in thousands): 

Revenue

Revenue decreased $204 thousand to $4.5 million, of which $4.3 million was derived from government contracts and $183 thousand from other products and services for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026. Revenue was $4.7 million, of which $4.4 million was derived from government contracts and $266 thousand from other products and services, for the same period of 2025.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses increased $7.8 million, or 115%, to $14.6 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, compared to $6.8 million for the same period in 2025. The increase was primarily driven by an increase in material purchases to support the delivery of our products and services associated with revenue, as well as higher compensation and related costs, including salaries, stock-based compensation and employee benefits driven by new employees hired to support the expansion of the business and scaling of operations.

Other (income) expense

Other income of $1.0 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 consisted of interest income, compared to other expense of $880 thousand for the same period of 2025, comprised of amortization of discount on convertible notes of ($715) thousand and changes in fair value of derivative liabilities of ($278) thousand, and interest income of $113 thousand.

Income tax expense

No income tax expense was recorded for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2026 and 2025.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of June 30, 2026, we had cash, cash equivalents, and a certificate of deposit totaling $56.0 million, compared to $15.7 million as of June 30, 2025. The increase in cash was primarily attributable to net proceeds from the public offerings, totaling $43.5 million. These funds are primarily held in cash on deposit and money market funds that invest 100% of their assets in short-term U.S. Treasury obligations.

Prior to the public offerings, our operations were primarily financed through the issuance of convertible notes and sales of common stock in private placement transactions. We intend to continue to use the net proceeds from the offerings to support operational growth, invest in product development, and fund working capital and general corporate purposes.

On March 20, 2026, we entered into a Sales Agreement under which we may, from time to time, offer and sell shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $50.0 million, through the ATM program. During May and June 2026, we sold 830,484 shares of our common stock under the ATM program, resulting in net proceeds of $20.1 million, after deducting commissions and other offering expenses.

We continue to assess our capital requirements and may pursue additional financing opportunities to support long-term growth initiatives or respond to changes in market conditions. 

As of June 30, 2026, we had net working capital, defined as total current assets less total current liabilities, of $55.4 million, compared to $16.6 million at June 30, 2025. The increase was primarily driven by a $40.0 million increase in current assets, which rose to $57.3 million from $17.3 million over the same period, largely due to a $40.3 million increase in cash and cash equivalents, including the certificate of deposit balance at June 30, 2025. Current liabilities totaled $1.9 million and $705 thousand as of June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively, and the balances primarily consisted of accounts payable, along with accrued expenses and other short-term obligations expected to be settled within one year. We believe that our current cash and cash equivalents balances, cash generated from operations and our ability to raise additional funds pursuant to the ATM program will be sufficient to fund our business operations and capital expenditures for the next twelve months and beyond.

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods presented ($ in thousands):

Net cash used in our operating activities was $3.3 million and $1.1 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, the net cash used in operating activities primarily resulted from a net loss of $9.2 million and an increase in prepaids and other current assets of $332 thousand, primarily offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $4.5 million, an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $660 thousand and an increase in accounts receivable of $622 thousand. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025, the net cash used in operating activities primarily resulted from a net loss of $3.0 million and decreases in accounts receivable of $902 thousand and prepaid and other current assets of $611 thousand, primarily offset by non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $1.8 million and non-cash amortization of discount on convertible notes of $715 thousand.

Net cash used in our investing activities totaled $646 thousand and $161 thousand for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026 and 2025, respectively. These investing activities primarily consisted of purchases of equipment.

Net cash provided by our financing activities was $44.2 million for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, compared to $15.8 million for the same period in 2025. For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, we received $43.5 million, net of offering costs, from the public offering, $708 thousand from the exercise of stock warrants, and $104 thousand from the exercise of stock options. We received $12.6 million from the Offering, $3.1 million from the issuance of convertible notes, and $25 thousand from the exercise of stock options for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2025.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The accompanying discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our audited consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. We believe certain of our accounting policies are critical to understanding our financial position and results of operations. Our significant accounting policies and estimates are discussed in Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.”

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As both an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, we are not required to provide disclosure pursuant to this Item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

Aeluma, Inc.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) “PCAOB” and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Rose, Snyder & Jacobs LLP

Rose, Snyder & Jacobs LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021

Encino, California

September 16, 2026

Aeluma, Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Balance Sheets

($ in thousands, except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Aeluma, Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Operations

($ in thousands, except per share data)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Aeluma, Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statement of Stockholders’ Equity

($ in thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Aeluma, Inc. and Subsidiary

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

($ in thousands)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.

Aeluma, Inc. and Subsidiary
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 15d-15(e)) are designed with the objective of ensuring that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, such as this report, is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures are also designed with the objective of ensuring that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), based on their evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2026, concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of that date.

Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial officer), has assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2026. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on the assessment using those criteria, management concluded that, as of June 30, 2026, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as a result of the material weakness described below.

Material Weakness and Related Remediation Initiatives

A material weakness in internal control over financial reporting is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

Based on the assessment using those criteria, management concluded that, as of June 30, 2026, our internal control over financial reporting was not effective due to an insufficient number of personnel with appropriate technical accounting personnel with the effective control disciplines and to evaluate, account for, and properly record certain non-routine and complex transactions.

Notwithstanding the material weakness described above, management believes the consolidated financial statements included in this report fairly present, in all material respects, our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows for the periods presented in conformity with GAAP.

Management has initiated corrective actions and procedures to remediate the identified material weakness, including increasing accounting resources, enhancing the review and oversight of significant and non-routine transactions, and further developing and formalizing our internal control framework. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2026, these efforts were further strengthened through the hiring of a full-time Chief Financial Officer to increase our accounting and financial reporting capabilities. As part of these efforts, we have engaged a third-party firm with expertise in internal controls and internal audit to assist management in assessing our control environment, documenting and enhancing our internal control over financial reporting, and supporting the design, implementation and testing of remediation activities. We intend for the third-party firm to also support our internal audit procedures, including testing the design and operating effectiveness of key controls.

Management continues to evaluate and enhance our processes and controls and expects to implement additional controls and procedures as appropriate. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls have been fully implemented, have operated for a sufficient period of time, and management has concluded, through testing, that such controls are operating effectively. As we continue to expand our accounting team, establish more mature processes, and gain additional operating experience, management expects our internal control environment to continue to improve and anticipates that these initiatives will be implemented.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting.

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as the term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended June 30, 2026, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Insider Trading Arrangements and Related Disclosure

On May 23, 2026, Jonathan Klamkin adopted a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement that provides for the sale of up to 300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, subject to the price conditions and formulas specified in the trading arrangement. The term of the trading arrangement expires upon the earlier of the date all shares have been sold pursuant to the trading arrangement and May 31, 2027. Mr. Klamkin is our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors.

Other than as disclosed above, during the three months ended June 30, 2026, none of our directors or officers adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as each term is defined in Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

PART III

Certain information required by Part III is incorporated by reference from our definitive Proxy Statement for the annual meeting of shareholders to be held within 120 days of June 30, 2026 (the “Proxy Statement”). Except for those portions specifically incorporated in this Annual Report on Form 10-K by reference to the Proxy Statement, no other portions of the Proxy Statement are deemed to be filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following provides information regarding our executive officers as of the date hereof:

Jonathan Klamkin, Ph.D., age 46, has served as our President and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors since the merger was completed in 2021. He has served as the Chief Executive Officer and a member of the Board of Directors of Biond Photonics, Inc. (now our wholly owned subsidiary, Aeluma Operating Co.) since its founding in 2019. He also has served as a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, since 2015, where his group conducts pioneering research in integrated photonics and optoelectronics for communications and sensing applications. From 2001 to 2002, Dr. Klamkin was an employee with BinOptics Corp., a laser diode manufacturer later acquired by MACOM. He is the recipient of numerous awards including the NASA Young Faculty Award, the DARPA Young Faculty Award, and the DARPA Director’s Fellowship. He has published more than 200 papers, holds several patents, and has given more than 100 invited presentations to industry, government, and the academic community. Dr. Klamkin holds a Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Cornell University and a Master of Science in Electrical and Computer Engineering and a Ph.D. in Materials from the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Christopher Stewart, age 58, has served as our Chief Financial Officer since August 2025. From September 2023 to June 2025, he was the Chief Financial Officer for LeddarTech Holdings Inc., an AI-driven software company that he led through a transition into a publicly traded company. From 2020 to September 2023, he was the Chief Financial Officer of Bionano Genomics, Inc., a provider of genome analysis solutions. Mr. Stewart also previously held leadership roles at Maxwell Technologies (later acquired by Tesla), Entropic Communications (later acquired by Maxlinear), and Intel Corporation. Mr. Stewart holds a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of Southern California and a Master of Business Administration from Carnegie Mellon University.

Code of Ethics

Our Board of Directors has adopted a Code of Ethics and Business Conduct (the “Code of Ethics”) that applies to all employees, directors, and officers, including the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer. The Code of Ethics is available in the “Investor Relations” section of our website at www.aeluma.com. We intend to disclose on our website any amendment to or waiver from any provision of the Code of Ethics that applies to our Chief Executive Officer or our Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer), and that relates to any element of the Code of Ethics identified in Item 406(b) of Regulation S-K, as promulgated by the SEC. Such disclosure will be provided promptly following the date of the amendment or waiver. We are not including the information contained on our website as part of, or incorporating it by reference into, this report or any other filing or document submitted to the SEC.

Insider Trading Policy

We have adopted an Insider Trading Policy governing the purchase, sale or other dispositions of our securities by directors, officers and employees. The text of our Insider Trading Policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this report.

The additional information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled “Election of Directors,” “Corporate Governance,” “Security Holder Communications to the Board of Directors,” “Security Ownership Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and, if any, under “Delinquent Section 16(a) Reports” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled “Executive Compensation,” “Director Compensation,” and “Corporate Governance – Compensation Committee” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item relating to the security ownership of certain holders is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the sections labeled “Corporate Governance” and “Certain Relationships and Related-Party Transactions” in the Proxy Statement.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to the subsections labeled “Audit Fees” and “Audit Committee Pre-Approval” in the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) Financial Statements

We have filed the financial statements in Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data as a part of this report on Form 10-K.

(b) Exhibits

The following is a list of all exhibits filed or incorporated by reference as part of this report on Form 10-K.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

46